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Historical events or swear an oath Pemoeda Youth represents a recognition of the Indonesian youth pledged one homeland, one nation and one language. Youth Oath was read at the date of October 28, 1928 the formulation of Density-Pemoedi Pemoeda or II Indonesian Youth Congress, which until now annually commemorated as Youth Pledge Day.

Second Youth Congress held three sessions in three different places by the Student Association Indonesian Student Organization (PPPI) which consists of students from all over Indonesia. The congress was attended by various representatives of youth organizations namely Jong Java, Jong Batak, Jong Celebes, Jong Sumatranen Bond, Bond Islamieten Jong, Jong Ambon, etc. as well as observers from the youth Tiong Hoa like Kwee Thiam Hong, John Lauw Tjoan Hok, Oey Kay Siang and Tjoi Djien Kwie.

The contents of the Youth Pledge Day Results From the Second Youth Congress:

FIRST: We, the sons and daughters of Indonesia, is one confesses Bertoempah Blood Jang, Tanah Indonesia. (Our Sons and Daughters of Indonesia, slaughterous Confessing the One, Lands Indonesian).

SECOND: We, the sons and daughters of Indonesia, confesses Jang is one of the nation, Indonesia. (Our Sons and Daughters of Indonesia, Confessing the One nation, Indonesia).

THIRD: We are sons and daughters of Indonesia, Mendjoendjoeng Persatoean languages, Indonesian language. (Our Sons and Daughters of Indonesia, Uphold Language Association, Indonesian language).

In the event such historic oath of youth who played the national anthem of Indonesia for the first time created by WR Soepratman. Indonesia Raya song was first published in 1928 in the print media Po newspaper specifying the text that asserts that the song is the national anthem. The song got banned by the Dutch East Indies colonial government, but the youth still continue to sing.

If we want to know more about the many things we can about the Youth Pledge Youth Pledge menunjungi Museum located in the Secretariat Building PPI Jl. 106 Kramat Raya, Central Jakarta. This museum has major collections such as the original violin owned by Wage Rudolf Supratman that created the national anthem Indonesia Raya as well as photos of historic Youth Pledge event on October 28, 1928 is a milestone in the movement of Indonesian youth.

Museum Website: www.museumsumpahpemuda.go.id

Before Indonesia's independence, our country has various youth organizations whose members include Indonesian youth both national and regional. Here is a list of some organizations, youth associations in Indonesia:

1. Budi Utomo / Boedi Oetomo

Budu Utomo was established in 1908 which at the beginning of the establishment of a student organization which is regional in scope, but in its development became a national youth gathering organization.

2. Trikoro Dharmo / Tri Koro Dharmo

Trikoro Dharmo is an association of youth who came from Java in 1915 in the building of national revival. This organization later changed its name to Jong congress in Solo on Java. Meaning of the definition / meaning of the tri koro dharmo is Three Destination Honor.

3. Bond Jong Sumatra (Sumatra Youth Association)

Oni organization founded in 1917 with a purpose to strengthen the relationship between students who come from Sumatra. Some well-known store of this organization such as M. Dsan M. Hatta Yamin.

Fourth. -Student Association of Indonesian Students

This one organization founded in 1925 by students who diprakarsa Jakarta and Bandung, with the purpose of Indonesian independence.

5. Jong Indonesia

Association of young men and women was founded in 1927 in Bandung, where later the organization was changed to the Youth of Indonesia to the male sex and Princess of Indonesia for the women. Indonesian Youth Congress in which to create the second congress of the Youth Pledge yield on October 28, 1928.

6. Young Indonesian

Indonesia Muda is a national organization that was born because of encouragement Youth Pledge in 1930 as an amalgamation many youth organizations, regional / local.

7. Local Community Organizations

After appearing jong jong java and sumatra bond, then the rise of other regional local organizations such as preserving jong, jong Ambon, Jong Minahasa, and others.

Normally once every five years in Indonesia, held a grand celebration election (election) and election (presidential elections) to elect the President, members of Parliament, members of the DPD, etc.. Before the general election held that the selection of political parties should join the elections.

In the year 2008 has been selected 34 names of political parties that participated in 2009 elections, which are:

A. 16 pass Party election pursuant to section 315 & 316 No election law. 10 Year 2008:
1. Golkar Party (Golkar)
2. PDI-P (Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle)
3. PPP (United Development Party)
Fourth. Democratic Party
5. PAN (National Mandate Party)
6. PKB (National Awakening Party)
7. PKS (Prosperous Justice Party)
Eight. United Nations (Crescent Star Party)
9. PBR (Reform Star Party)
10. PDS (Prosperous Peace Party)
11. Marhaenism Indonesian National Party (PNI Marhaenism)
12. United Democratic Nationhood Party (PPDK)
13. Pioneer Party
14. Concern for the Nation Party (PKPB)
15. Enforcer Indonesian Democratic Party (PPDI)
16. Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI)

B. 18 Political Parties escaped factual verification elections that meet the Commission:
1. Hanura Party (People's Conscience Party)
2. Party of National People's Concern (PPRN)
3. Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra)
Fourth. Indonesian Youth Party (PPI)
5. National Sun Party (PMB)
6. Democratic Renewal Party (PDP)
7. Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party (PNBKI)
Eight. Regional Unity Party (PPD)
9. Patriot Party
10. Ulema National Awakening Party (PKNU)
11. Indonesian Workers and Employers Party (PPPI)
12. The Party of Struggle (PKP)
13. National Front Party (PBN)
14. Republicans Nusantara (PRN)
15. New Indonesia Party of Struggle (PPIB)
16. Sovereignty Party
17. Prosperous Indonesia Party (PIS)
18. Love the Indonesian Democratic Party (PKDI)

C. Four parties passed the decision of the Administrative Court
1. Labour Party
2. Sarikat Indonesia Party (PSI)
3. Independence Party
Fourth. Nahdlatul Ummah Unity Party of Indonesia (PNUI)

D. Local Political Party Names List 6 Nanggoe NAD Aceh Darussalam:
1. Aceh People's Party
2. Aceh Party
3. Unity Party Atjeh
Fourth. Independent Voice of the People of Aceh
5. Partai Aceh Aman Seujahtera
6. Daulat Party Atjeh

=====

List Number / Order Number Political Party / Parties contesting / Election Year 2009:

Hanura received: 1
Concern for the Nation Party (PKPB): 2
Employers and Workers Party of Indonesia: 3
Care for the National People's Party: 4
Gerindra Party: 5
National Front Party: 6
Keadian and Unity Party of Indonesia: 7
Prosperous Justice Party (PKS): 8
National Mandate Party (PAN): 9
New Indonesia Party: 10
Sovereignty Party: 11
Regional Unity Party: 12
National Awakening Party (PKB): 13
Indonesian Youth Party: 14
Indonesian National Party Marhaenist: 15
Democratic Renewal Party (PDP): 16
Party of Struggle: 17th
Sun Party People: 18
Enforcer Indonesian Democratic Party: 19
United Democratic Nationhood Party (PPDK): 20
Republicans Nusantara 21 numbers
Vanguard Party: 22
Golkar Party: 23
United Development Party (PPP): 24
Prosperous Peace Party: 25
Indonesian Populist Bull National Party: 26
Bitang Moon Party (PBB): 27
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P): 28
Reform Star Party: 29
Patriot Party: 30
Democrats: 31
The Indonesian Democratic love parties: 32
Prosperous Indonesia Party: 33
Ulema National Awakening Party (PKNU): 34
Freedom Party: 41
Nahdlatul Ummah Unity Party of Indonesia (PNUI): 42
Sarekat Indonesia Party (PSI): 43
Labour Party: 44

=====

Previously there were 51 political parties register with the Election Commission / Election Commission to be able to participate in the election year in 2009, namely:

A. 7 Political Parties under Article 315 Election Law:
1. Partai Golkar (Functional Group Party)
2. PDIP (Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle)
3. PPP (United Development Party)
Fourth. Democratic Party
5. PAN (National Mandate Party)
6. PKB (National Awakening Party),
7. PKS (Prosperous Justice Party)

B. 9 Political Parties that meet the letter D of article 316 of Law Election:
1. United Nations (Crescent Star Party)
2. PBR (Reform Star Party)
3. PDS (Prosperous Peace Party)
Fourth. Marhaenism Indonesian National Party (PNI Marhaenism)
5. United Democratic Nationhood Party (PPDK)
6. Pioneer Party
7. Concern for the Nation Party (PKPB)
Eight. Enforcer Indonesian Democratic Party (PPDI)
9. Indonesian Justice and Unity Party (PKPI)

C. 35 new political parties that passed the administrative verification of the Commission:
1. Hanura
2. Party of National People's Concern
3. Unifying the Nation Party
Fourth. Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra)
5. Indonesian Youth Party
6. United Democratic Nationhood Party
7. Sun Party Nation
Eight. Indonesia Republiku Party
9. Democratic Renewal
10. Indonesian National Populist Fortress Party
11. Regional Unity Party
12. Labour Party
13. Conscience Party People
14. Patriot Party
15. Ulema National Awakening Party
16. Christian Democrat Party
17. Indonesian Workers and Employers Party
18. Party of Struggle
19. National Front Party
20. Republican Nusantara
21. New Indonesia Party of Struggle
22. Indonesian Unity Party
23. Sovereignty Party
24. Nusantara Indonesian People's Sovereignty Party
25. Indonesian Democratic Party of Love
26. Independence Party
27. Indonesian Christian Party 1945
28. Reform Party
29. Reform Party of the nation
30. Prosperous Indonesia Party
31. People's Democracy Party of Struggle
32. Indonesia Tanah Air We Party
33. Indonesian Unity Party Sarikat
34. Love Party
35. Congress Party

D. List of 11 political parties which did not pass verification of the Commission:
1. Islamic Party
2. Christian Democratic Party Indonesia
3. Indonesian Labor Party
Fourth. Civil Society Party
5. Unifying the Indonesian National Party
6. Republican Party
7. State-Defense Party
Eight. Indonesian National Party
9. People's Unity Party of Struggle
10. National Populist Party
11. Democratic Reform Party

E. Two political parties did not resign Depkum legal status of human rights:
1. People's Prosperity Party
2. Indonesian Islamic Party Masyumi

Additional list of terms / abbreviations election by organisasi.org:
- Election overflow: Direct General Free Secrets
- Election Jurdil: Honest and Fair
- Election Commission: Electoral Commission
- Election Commission: Commission for Local Elections
- Election: General Election

Jakarta City is the heart of the capital of the Republic of Indonesia, where millions of the problem and its economic center in the small town is densely populated. Behind the names of several areas in Jakarta stored stories, stories and history from which her name appears.

Here below are some of the origins of famous local names in Jakarta:

A. Glodok

Grojok origin of the word which is called from the sound of water falling from the shower water. In that place there is a kind of Yore Ciliwung reservoir water reservoirs. China, China, and the descendants of people mentioned as glodok grojok China, made difficult because people say the word grojok like natives.

B. Kwitang

Once in the area of land partly occupied and owned by landlords who were very wealthy once named Huey Tang Kiam. People used to call the Batavia era was as a ward of the KWI pliers and finally after a long time the place was named Kwitang.

C. Senayan

First senayan regions are the property of someone named wangsanaya originating from Bali. The land is called the people with the title, which means land wangsanayan residential property wangsanaya atan. Gradually, people abbreviate the name eventually became senayan wangsanayan.

D. Extra: Menteng

Menteng area in Central Jakarta in the days of yore is that a lot of forest fruit trees. Because many fruit trees menteng people call the area with the village name menteng. After the land was bought by the Dutch Government in 1912 as the location of the Dutch East Indies government employee housing area then called menteng.

Field size Badminton / Badminton - Length, Width Height Single & Double Net

In making badminton badminton courts aka the good must be in accordance with international standards that the width difference between a double game with a single-party party.

A. Single Party / One Player / 1 on 1

- Length = 11.88 meters
- Width = 5.18 meters
- Area = 61.5384 square feet
- High Net Pole = 1.55 meters
- Height = 1.52 meters on the Net

- Go to Line Service Net Distance = 1.98 m
- Distance to the Side Line Field Service Overseas = 3.96 meters

B. Dual Party / Two Players / 2 on 2

- Length = 13.40 meters
- Width = 6.10 meters
- Area = 81.74 square meters
- High Net Pole = 1.55 meters
- Height = 1.52 meters on the Net

- Go to Line Service Net Distance = 1.98 m
- Distance to the Side Line Field Service Overseas = 4.72 meters

Description: Net together with the Nets.

Once upon a time the ancient Roman people use a separate numbering that is very different penomeran system at the time as now. Roman numerals only consists of 7 numbers with a particular letter symbols in which each letter melangbangkan / specific numbers have meaning, namely:

I / i for the number one / 1
V / v to the number five / 5
X / x to number ten / 10
L / l for fifty numbers / 50
C / c for one hundred / 100
D / d for the number five hundred / 500
M / m for the number one thousand / 1000

Some of the shortcomings or weaknesses of the Roman numeral system, namely:
1. There are no zeros / 0
2. Too long to mention specific numbers
3. Limited to small numbers only

To cover the lack of limitations roman numerals on a small number, then made a thousand multiplier with the symbol above the strip line symbol letters (except I).

V / v to the line above to the number five thousand / 5000
X / x to the line above for the number ten thousand / 10,000
L / l with the line above to the number fifty thousand / 50,000
C / c with a line above for the number one hundred thousand / 100,000
D / d with the line above to the number five hundred thousand / 500,000
M / m with a line above for a million / 1000000

Method / Technique Roman numeral numbering:
1. Symbols written from the biggest to the smallest
2. All the symbols add up to big little small to large unless there is a reduction.

Examples of writing ancient roman numerals:
1. 16 = XVI
2. 35 = XXXV
3. 45 = XLV
4. 79 = LXXIX
5. 99 = IC
6. 110 = CX
7. 999th = CMXCIX
8. 1666 = MDCLXVI
9. 2008 = MMVIII

Teaching Parallelograms Parallelograms or row is a wake up flat triangle formed by the reflection if played half a round on one side he has.

The properties are owned by the parallelogram built flat is as follows:

1. The corners of the same line of sight is large.
2. The sides are facing each other are the same length and parallel.
3. The corners of adjacent if In total amounted to 180 degrees.
4. Diagonal of a parallelogram bisect each other the same length.

In general, primary school students are required to memorize the multiplication times-you from 1 to 10. It was very useful to strengthen the speed in solving the problem of calculating a simple multiplication to the difficult. Basic multiplication should be remembered in my head because the basic multiplication will always be used to education in college.

List of time-you / Multiplication Basic Standards Elementary School Elementary School Children The Necessary memorized:

1 x 1 = 1
1 x 2 = 2
1 x 3 = 3
1 x 4 = 4
1 x 5 = 5
1 x 6 = 6
1 x 7 = 7
1 x 8 = 8
1 x 9 = 9
1 x 10 = 10

2 x 1 = 2
2 x 2 = 4
2 x 3 = 6
2 x 4 = 8
2 x 5 = 10
2 x 6 = 12
2 x 7 = 14
2 x 8 = 16
2 x 9 = 18
2 x 10 = 20

3 x 1 = 3
3 x 2 = 6
3 x 3 = 9
3 x 4 = 12
3 x 5 = 15
3 x 6 = 18
3 x 7 = 21
3 x 8 = 24
3 x 9 = 27
3 x 10 = 30

4 x 1 = 4
4 x 2 = 8
4 x 3 = 12th
4 x 4 = 16
4 x 5 = 20
4 x 6 = 24
4 x 7 = 28
4 x 8 = 32
4 x 9 = 36
4 x 10 = 40

5 x 1 = 5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
5 x 10 = 50

6 x 1 = 6
6 x 2 = 12
6 x 3 = 18
6 x 4 = 24
6 x 5 = 30
6 x 6 = 36
6 x 7 = 42
6 x 8 = 48
6 x 9 = 54
6 x 10 = 60

7 x 1 = 7
7 x 2 = 14
7 x 3 = 21
7 x 4 = 28
7 x 5 = 35
7 x 6 = 42
7 x 7 = 49
7 x 8 = 56
7 x 9 = 63
7 x 10 = 70

1 = 8 x 8
8 x 2 = 16
8 x 3 = 24
8 x 4 = 32
8 x 5 = 40
8 x 6 = 48
8 x 7 = 56
8 x 8 = 64
8 x 9 = 72
8 x 10 = 80

9 x 1 = 9
9 x 2 = 18
9 x 3 = 27
9 x 4 = 36
9 x 5 = 45
9 x 6 = 54
9 x 7 = 63
9 x 8 = 72
9 x 9 = 81
9 x 10 = 90

10 x 1 = 10
10 x 2 = 20
10 x 3 = 30
10 x 4 = 40
10 x 5 = 50
10 x 6 = 60
10 x 7 = 70
10 x 8 = 80
10 x 9 = 90
10 x 10 = 100

To keep in mind the concept of multiplication is the multiplier. This means that 5 times 5 equals 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 x 5

Happy Memorizing :)

A. Fold Symmetry
Fold symmetry is the number of folds that can be formed by a flat field into 2 equal parts. To find the symmetry of a fold-up flat it can be done by making an experiment with a piece of kertar is similar in size to be tested. Fold the paper folded in half to equal. Here are many fold symmetry of the general flat up:

- Rectangle has 2 fold symmetry
- Longitude Cage has 4 fold symmetry
- Segitiga Same Side has 3 fold symmetry
- Rhombus has 2 fold symmetry
- The circle has a fold symmetry of an infinite number

B. Symmetry Play
Play symmetry is the number of rounds that can be done on a flat wake up where the results will form the pattern of rotation is the same before playing, but instead returned to the starting position. Experiments can be performed similar experiments on fold symmetry but the way is to rotate the paper which had been formed. Here is a lot of play in the wake simeti general level:

- Rectangle has 2 symmetry around
- Longitude Cage has 4 symmetry around
- Segitiga Just Feet do not have the symmetry around
- Segitiga Same Side has 3 symmetry around
- Rhombus has 2 symmetry around
- The circle has a symmetry play an infinite number

Square formula
Square is built flat which has four equal sides of length
- Traveling: The length of one side multiplied by 4 (4S) (AB + BC + CD + DA)
- Size: The times the side (S x S)

Rectangle formula
Rectangle is built like a square flat but the two sides are facing shorter or longer than

the other two sides. The two sides called a long long, while the short-called wide.
- Traveling: width times length plus 2 ((p + l) x2) (AB + BC + CD + DA)
- Size: length times the width (pl)

Triangle Formulas
- Traveling: The first + second + hand side of the third (AB + BC + CA)
- Size: The length of the base times the height divided by two pangjang (AXT / 2)

Circle Formulas
- Round: diameter multiplied by phi (phi dx) or phi 2 times the radius (phi x (r + r)
- Size: phi times the radius times the radius (phi xrxr)
- Phi = 22 / 7 = 3.14

Parallelogram formula or parallelogram
- Traveling: The sum of the four sides of the existing (AB + BC + CD + DA)
- Size: base times the height (a x t)

Rhombus formula
- Traveling: The sum of the four sides of the existing (AB + BC + CD + DA)
- Size: length of the base times the diagonal divided by 2 (diagonal ax / 2)
- Diagonal: Line the two opposite sides

Trapezoid formula
- Traveling: The sum of the four sides of the existing (AB + BC + CD + DA)
- Size: The number of parallel sides times the height divided by 2 ((AB + CD) / 2)

Cube Formulas
Volume: The first two times multiplied by the third side (S rank 3)

Beam Formulas
Volume: length multiplied by width multiplied by height (LxWxH)

Formula Ball
Volume: phi multiplied times the radius of high-power three times in 4 / 3 (4 / 3 x phi xrxtxtxt)
Size: phi times the radius squared multiplied by four (4 x phi xrxr)

Four Aspects Limas formula
Volume: Length times width times height divided by three (pxlxtx 1 / 3)


Tube formula
Volume: phi times the radius times the radius times the height (phi x r2 xt)

Cone formula
Volume: phi times the radius times the radius times the height divided by three (phi x r2 xtx 1 / 3)
S: The sloping cone from the base to the top (not Cleaner)

Triangular prism formula square
Volume: base triangle times the height times the height triangular prism for the two (as x ts x tp x)

The following is a general unit of measure that can be converted to a variety of daily necessities are arranged in order from largest to smallest:

km = Kilo Meters
hm = hecto Meter
dam = Deka Meter
m = Meter
dm = Desi Meter
cm = centimeter
mm = Mili Meters

A. Conversion Unit Size Length
For unit length of the conversion from a level to one level below is multiplied by 10 while for the conversion of the upper level divided by the number 10. Example:

- 1 km is 10 hm
- 1 km equal to 1000 m
- 1 km equal to 100,000 cm
- 1 km equal to 1,000,000 mm
- 1 m equal to 0.1 dam
- 1 m equal to 0.001 km
- 1 m equal to 10 dm
- 1 m equal to 1000 mm

B. Unit Conversion Weight Size or Mass
For the unit of measure conversion weight similar to the size of the unit meters long but was changed to grams. For heavy forces did not have a square or a derivative grams grams per cubic meter. Examples:

- 1 kg equal to 10 hg
- 1 kg equal to 1000 g
- 1 kg equals 100,000 cg
- 1 kg equal to 1,000,000 mg
- 1 g equal to 0.1 dag
- 1 g equal to 0.001 kg
- 1 g equal to 10 dg
- 1 g equal to 1000 mg

C. Size Size Conversion Unit
Area unit of measure equal to the length, but in becoming one level below multiplied by 100. Similarly, an increase in one level above it divided by the number 100. Unit size is no longer meters wide, but square meters (m2 = m rank 2).

- 1 km2 with 100 hm2
- 1 km2 equal to 1,000,000 m2
- 1 km2 equal to 10,000,000,000 cm2
- 1 km2 equal to 1,000,000,000,000 mm2
- 1 m2 equal to 0.01 dam2
- 1 m2 equal to 0.000001 km2
- 1 m2 equal to 100 dm2
- 1 m2 equal to 1,000,000 mm2

D. Unit Conversion Size or Volume Contents
Area unit of measure equal to the length, but in becoming one level below multiplied by 1000. Similarly, an increase in one level above it divided by the number 1000. Unit size is no longer meters wide, but cubic meters (m3 = m, rank 3).

- 1 km3 equal to 1000 hm3
- 1 km3 equal to 1,000,000,000 m3
- 1 km3 equal to 1,000,000,000,000,000 cm3
- 1 km3 equal to 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 MM3
- 1 m3 equals 0.001 dam3
- 1 m3 equals 0.000000001 km3
- 1 m3 equal to 1000 dm3
- 1 m3 equals 1,000,000,000 MM3

How to Calculate:
Suppose we want to convert units of length 12 km to the size of cm. So to change km to cm down 5 levels or multiplied by 100,000. So the result is equal to 12 km 1,200,000 cm. Similarly, other unit of measure. The point is we must look at the level of size and value of the multiplier or pembaginya changed every increase or decrease the level / level.

Other size units:

A. Unit Size Length
- 1 inch / inch / inc / inch = equal to = 25.4 mm
- 1 ft / ft / ft = same as = 12 inch = 0.3048 m
- 1 mile / mile = same as = 5280 feet = 1.6093 m
- 1 nautical mile = same as = 6080 feet = 1.852 km

1 micron = 0.000001 m
1 elo long time = 0.687 m
1 pal Java = 1506.943 m
1 pal sumatera = 1851.85 m
1 acre = 4840 yards2
1 Cicero = 12 punt
1 Cicero = 4.8108 mm
1 hectare = 2.471 acres
1 inch = 2.45 cm

B. Size Unit Size
- 1 ha / ha / hecto are = equal to = 10,000 m2
- 1 are = equal to = 1 dm2
- 1 km2 = equal to = 100 hectares

C. Unit Size Volume / Content
1 liter / liter = 1 dm3 = 0.001 m3

D. Unit Size Weight / Mass
- 1 hundred pounds / quintal = equal to = 100 kg
- 1 ton = equal to = 1.000 kg
- 1 kg = equal to = 10 ounces
- 1 kg = equal to = 2 pounds